尖峰神经网络（SNN）引起了脑启发的人工智能和计算神经科学的广泛关注。它们可用于在多个尺度上模拟大脑中的生物信息处理。更重要的是，SNN是适当的抽象水平，可以将大脑和认知的灵感带入人工智能。在本文中，我们介绍了脑启发的认知智力引擎（Braincog），用于创建脑启发的AI和脑模拟模型。 Braincog将不同类型的尖峰神经元模型，学习规则，大脑区域等作为平台提供的重要模块。基于这些易于使用的模块，BrainCog支持各种受脑启发的认知功能，包括感知和学习，决策，知识表示和推理，运动控制和社会认知。这些受脑启发的AI模型已在各种受监督，无监督和强化学习任务上有效验证，并且可以用来使AI模型具有多种受脑启发的认知功能。为了进行大脑模拟，Braincog实现了决策，工作记忆，神经回路的结构模拟以及小鼠大脑，猕猴大脑和人脑的整个大脑结构模拟的功能模拟。一个名为BORN的AI引擎是基于Braincog开发的，它演示了如何将Braincog的组件集成并用于构建AI模型和应用。为了使科学追求解码生物智能的性质并创建AI，Braincog旨在提供必要且易于使用的构件，并提供基础设施支持，以开发基于脑部的尖峰神经网络AI，并模拟认知大脑在多个尺度上。可以在https://github.com/braincog-x上找到Braincog的在线存储库。

反向传播算法促进了深度学习的快速发展，但它依赖大量标记的数据，并且人类学习的方式仍然存在很大的差距。人的大脑可以以自组织和无监督的方式迅速学习各种概念知识，这是通过人类大脑中多个学习规则和结构的协调来实现的。依赖峰值的依赖性可塑性（STDP）是大脑中广泛的学习规则，但是单独使用STDP训练的尖峰神经网络效率低下且性能差。在本文中，从短期突触可塑性中汲取灵感，我们设计了一种自适应突触过滤器，并将自适应阈值平衡作为神经元可塑性介绍，以丰富SNN的表示能力。我们还引入了自适应的横向抑制连接，以动态调整尖峰平衡，以帮助网络学习更丰富的功能。为了加速和稳定无监督的尖峰神经网络的训练，我们设计了一个样本的时间批次STDP，该STDP根据多个样本和多个矩来更新重量。我们已经进行了有关MNIST和FashionMnist的实验，并实现了基于STDP的当前无监督的尖峰神经网络的最先进性能。我们的模型在小样本学习中还显示出强烈的优势。

由于具有高生物学合理性和低能消耗在神经形态硬件上的特性，因此尖峰神经网络（SNN）非常重要。作为获得深SNN的有效方法，转化方法在各种大型数据集上表现出高性能。但是，它通常遭受严重的性能降解和高时间延迟。特别是，以前的大多数工作都集中在简单的分类任务上，同时忽略了与ANN输出的精确近似。在本文中，我们首先从理论上分析转换误差，并得出时间变化极端对突触电流的有害影响。我们提出尖峰校准（Spicalib），以消除离散尖峰对输出分布的损坏，并修改脂肪，以使任意最大化层无损地转换。此外，提出了针对最佳标准化参数的贝叶斯优化，以避免经验设置。实验结果证明了分类，对象检测和分割任务的最新性能。据我们所知，这是第一次获得与ANN同时在这些任务上相当的SNN。此外，我们只需要先前在检测任务上工作的1/50推理时间，并且可以在0.492 $ \ times $ $下在分段任务上实现相同的性能。

少量学习（使用少数样品学习）是人类大脑最重要的能力之一。然而，目前的人工智能系统遇到难以实现这种能力，因此作为生物合理的尖峰神经网络（SNNS）。传统少量拍摄域的数据集提供了少量的时间信息。并且没有神经形态数据集阻碍了SNNS的几次射击学习的发展。在这里，我们使用动态视觉传感器（DVS）提供第一神经形态数据集：N-Omniglot。它包含1623个类别的手写字符，只有20个样本每课。 N-Omniglot消除了对SNNS的神经形态数据集具有高的粉性和巨大的时间相干性。此外，DataSet由于笔划的时间顺序提供了强大的挑战和用于在几次拍摄学习域中开发SNNS算法的合适基准。我们还提供了改进的最近邻居，卷积网络，暹罗比特和Meta学习算法，用于验证。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown satisfying performance on various graph learning tasks. To achieve better fitting capability, most GNNs are with a large number of parameters, which makes these GNNs computationally expensive. Therefore, it is difficult to deploy them onto edge devices with scarce computational resources, e.g., mobile phones and wearable smart devices. Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a common solution to compress GNNs, where a light-weighted model (i.e., the student model) is encouraged to mimic the behavior of a computationally expensive GNN (i.e., the teacher GNN model). Nevertheless, most existing GNN-based KD methods lack fairness consideration. As a consequence, the student model usually inherits and even exaggerates the bias from the teacher GNN. To handle such a problem, we take initial steps towards fair knowledge distillation for GNNs. Specifically, we first formulate a novel problem of fair knowledge distillation for GNN-based teacher-student frameworks. Then we propose a principled framework named RELIANT to mitigate the bias exhibited by the student model. Notably, the design of RELIANT is decoupled from any specific teacher and student model structures, and thus can be easily adapted to various GNN-based KD frameworks. We perform extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, which corroborates that RELIANT achieves less biased GNN knowledge distillation while maintaining high prediction utility.

Despite significant progress in object categorization, in recent years, a number of important challenges remain; mainly, the ability to learn from limited labeled data and to recognize object classes within large, potentially open, set of labels. Zero-shot learning is one way of addressing these challenges, but it has only been shown to work with limited sized class vocabularies and typically requires separation between supervised and unsupervised classes, allowing former to inform the latter but not vice versa. We propose the notion of vocabulary-informed learning to alleviate the above mentioned challenges and address problems of supervised, zero-shot, generalized zero-shot and open set recognition using a unified framework. Specifically, we propose a weighted maximum margin framework for semantic manifold-based recognition that incorporates distance constraints from (both supervised and unsupervised) vocabulary atoms. Distance constraints ensure that labeled samples are projected closer to their correct prototypes, in the embedding space, than to others. We illustrate that resulting model shows improvements in supervised, zero-shot, generalized zero-shot, and large open set recognition, with up to 310K class vocabulary on Animal with Attributes and ImageNet datasets.

Advances in computer vision and machine learning techniques have led to significant development in 2D and 3D human pose estimation from RGB cameras, LiDAR, and radars. However, human pose estimation from images is adversely affected by occlusion and lighting, which are common in many scenarios of interest. Radar and LiDAR technologies, on the other hand, need specialized hardware that is expensive and power-intensive. Furthermore, placing these sensors in non-public areas raises significant privacy concerns. To address these limitations, recent research has explored the use of WiFi antennas (1D sensors) for body segmentation and key-point body detection. This paper further expands on the use of the WiFi signal in combination with deep learning architectures, commonly used in computer vision, to estimate dense human pose correspondence. We developed a deep neural network that maps the phase and amplitude of WiFi signals to UV coordinates within 24 human regions. The results of the study reveal that our model can estimate the dense pose of multiple subjects, with comparable performance to image-based approaches, by utilizing WiFi signals as the only input. This paves the way for low-cost, broadly accessible, and privacy-preserving algorithms for human sensing.

With the increasing ability of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning (ICL) has become a new paradigm for natural language processing (NLP), where LLMs make predictions only based on contexts augmented with a few training examples. It has been a new trend exploring ICL to evaluate and extrapolate the ability of LLMs. In this paper, we aim to survey and summarize the progress, challenges, and future work in ICL. We first present a formal definition of ICL and clarify its correlation to related studies. Then, we organize and discuss advanced techniques of ICL, including training strategies, prompting strategies, and so on. Finally, we present the challenges of ICL and provide potential directions for further research. We hope our work can encourage more research on uncovering how ICL works and improving ICL in future work.

Designing better deep networks and better reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are both important for deep RL. This work focuses on the former. Previous methods build the network with several modules like CNN, LSTM and Attention. Recent methods combine the Transformer with these modules for better performance. However, it requires tedious optimization skills to train a network composed of mixed modules, making these methods inconvenient to be used in practice. In this paper, we propose to design \emph{pure Transformer-based networks} for deep RL, aiming at providing off-the-shelf backbones for both the online and offline settings. Specifically, the Transformer in Transformer (TIT) backbone is proposed, which cascades two Transformers in a very natural way: the inner one is used to process a single observation, while the outer one is responsible for processing the observation history; combining both is expected to extract spatial-temporal representations for good decision-making. Experiments show that TIT can achieve satisfactory performance in different settings, consistently.

Recently the deep learning has shown its advantage in representation learning and clustering for time series data. Despite the considerable progress, the existing deep time series clustering approaches mostly seek to train the deep neural network by some instance reconstruction based or cluster distribution based objective, which, however, lack the ability to exploit the sample-wise (or augmentation-wise) contrastive information or even the higher-level (e.g., cluster-level) contrastiveness for learning discriminative and clustering-friendly representations. In light of this, this paper presents a deep temporal contrastive clustering (DTCC) approach, which for the first time, to our knowledge, incorporates the contrastive learning paradigm into the deep time series clustering research. Specifically, with two parallel views generated from the original time series and their augmentations, we utilize two identical auto-encoders to learn the corresponding representations, and in the meantime perform the cluster distribution learning by incorporating a k-means objective. Further, two levels of contrastive learning are simultaneously enforced to capture the instance-level and cluster-level contrastive information, respectively. With the reconstruction loss of the auto-encoder, the cluster distribution loss, and the two levels of contrastive losses jointly optimized, the network architecture is trained in a self-supervised manner and the clustering result can thereby be obtained. Experiments on a variety of time series datasets demonstrate the superiority of our DTCC approach over the state-of-the-art.